Traffic in Beijing is frequently snarled, in part because of the excessive number of low-grade taxis and other similar vehicles that the city has licensed in recent years, the shortage of north-south roadways, and metro and light-rail links. The phasing out of the small, uncomfortable Xiali taxis, manufactured in Tianjin, which in 2001 accounted for 77.5% of the 67,000 taxis licensed to operate in Beijing, was markedly accelerated in early 2002.